高考英语阅读中的五大微读

来源：新东方英语名师张静春
发布时间：2016-05-07 11:07:00
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内容提要：需要同学们注意的是，在掌握文章大意的前提下，这些地方可以先忽略不读。但不排除某些细节题会涉及微读的其中内容，

　　总而言之，如果冒号前的内容我们完全能理解，后面的内容就可以适当略读；如果冒号前的内容不能完全说明内容，那我们还是要把冒号后的内容读完。

四、实验过程--关注实验结果

　　在阅读中，有很多同学害怕读到科技说明文。原因就是，专业术语多，而且长难句复杂，篇幅很长。但是，通过笔者对近5年高考的观察，科普文往往会通过讲述一个实验，得出一个结论。这时候我们在把握文章中心时，实验的过程不是重点。一篇科技文总是希望能通过实验向读者展示某种社会现象或是科学结论。所以，科普文阅读实验结论往往比实验过程更重要。这给我们阅读最大的启示在于看懂过程还不如看懂结论。

　　例如：2010年湖南卷C篇第5-6段

　　The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.

　　It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. "The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions," Jack said. "Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less."

　　节选的第一段中出现了实验过程的细节描述，如：recording movements; 具体人数13；put them in to categories: happy…; compared how…所以这部分可以微读，快速进入第二段。

　　第二段开始就出现了短语turn out"结果是"，其后开始介绍实验结果了。这里我们需要放慢速度来阅读。而且后面专家的话也是在说明实验结果。理论上来说，专家的发言是在重复说明实验结论。如果前面有明确的结论句并且没有专门针对专家的话出题的话，我们是不需要再看的。但实际情况是本阅读的66题，单纯看实验结果不够，还涉及到了专家的话：

　　66. The discovery shows that Westerners __________.

　　A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth

　　B. consider facial expressions universally reliable

　　C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways

　　D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions

　　在节选的第二段第一句中并没有找到关于westerners"西方人"的具体结论，那么我们只能继续往后找到专家的发言，在专家发言的后半句我们发现了suggest"表明"，专家讲到：西方人用全脸来表达情绪。这时我们回到题目，立马找到了与原文同义替换的A选项。另外，我们也可以再看一个例子。

　　例如：2013年北京卷D篇第1段

　　Multitasking

　　People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once, a new research suggests. The findings, based on performances and self-evaluation by about 275 college students, indicate that many people multitask not out of a desire to increase productivity, but because they are easily distracted (分心) and can't focus on one activity. And "those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things," said David Sanbonmatsu, a psychologist at the University of Utah.

　　对于这个实验的结果，也有相应题目

　　67. The research led by Sanbonmatsu indicates that people who multitask _______.

　　A. seek high productivity constantly

　　B. prefer handling different things when getting bored

　　C. are more focused when doing many things at a time

　　D. have the poorest results in doing various things at the same time

　　首先通过人名Sanbonmatsu定位，节选的这一段都跟这位专家的试验有关。这段第一句就说了suggest，这个实验表明同时做多种任务的人表现最差。如果有同学不放心，可以往下看专家的话，会发现他所说的话those people turn out to be the worst at handling different things与实验的结论People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once是相似的意思。所以67题选择D选项。

　　所以，如果同学们今后再遇到有实验的阅读，出现具体的实验操作细节如：实验的人员构成、具体人数或实验具体动作时，可以微读。关注表示实验结论的字眼（注：这也会在专家的话里出现），如： the experiment shows/ reveals/ suggests/ demonstrates/ indicates/ proves/ turn out (to be)/ estimates… 如果还是不能确定答案的话，可以去关注引号里面专家的话。

　　五、人名、地位、职位、所属的机构等

　　上面一点中，我们讲到了科技说明文，一般在此类文章里面会涉及到该科技领域的牛人，即该领域的专家。很多情况下，为了表示这些专家的权威性，文章会交代他/她的学术背景。其实同学们掐指一算，高考阅读往往摘自比较知名的杂志（这个在开篇我们就有所介绍），而知名杂志采用的文章往往是该领域的专家。因此，交代专家学术背景时，我们可跳过不读，只需记一个字："牛"。

　　例如：2009年山东卷D篇第2段

　　Applications for degree courses beginning this autumn were up by 15% this January, according to UCAS, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service. (牛机构)A spokesman for the Royal Economic Society said applications to do economics at A-level were also up.

　　Professor John Beath, the president of the society and a leading lecturer at St Andrews University, (牛人) said his first-year lectures---which are open to students from all departments ---were drawing crowds of 400, rather than the usual 250.

　　Zack Hocking, the head of Child Trust Funds,（牛人）said: "It's possible that one good thing to arise from the downturn will be a generation that's financially wiser and better equipped to manage their money through times of economic uncertainty."

　　第一段的UCAS后面是对这一缩写的说明，对文章大意的理解没有影响，可以先忽略。第二段、第三段对John Beath和Zack Hocking的介绍也是属于冗余信息，在把握文章主旨阶段不需理会。

　　以上，我们具体介绍了五大微读的具体内容：举例处；转折让步处；重复说明处；实验过程处；人物背景介绍处。

　　需要同学们注意的是，在掌握文章大意的前提下，这些地方可以先忽略不读。但不排除某些细节题会涉及微读的其中内容，我们后期做题的时候还是需要定位到微读部分的具体细节，所以，五大微读还得请同学们在实际做题中随进应变，灵活运用。

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