高中定语从句专题与训练教学案


来源:高中英语教学交流网
发布时间:2014-10-13 17:39:00
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 III.判断关系代词与关系副词
   方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
 判断改错:
  (错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
  (错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
  (对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
  (对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
  习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
   方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
     A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
     A. where B. that  C. on which  D. the one
答案:例1 D,例 2 A
例1变为肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
  在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
  而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
 
IV. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
   This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
   The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:
   Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
   My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
   This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:
   He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
   Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
V. 介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如:
  This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
  This is the house where I lived two years ago.
  Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
  Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
 
VI. as, which 非限定性定语从句
  由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:
  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来,这对我们人类很重要。
典型例题 
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it  B. that  C. which  D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which  C. as  D. it
答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:
(1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中,prevent由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为B。
as 的用法
例1. the same…as;so/ such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。例如:
   I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一样的麻烦。
  This is so heavy a stone as I can’t lift.
 This is such a heavy stone that I can’t lift.
 比较以下结果状语从句:
 The stone is so heavy that I can’t lift it .
 This is such a heavy stone that I can’t lift it .
例2. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有'正如'。例如:
  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我们所知,吸烟有害健康。
   As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
    As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语;例2中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know要用被动式。 
VII. 先行词和关系词二合一
1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可用 anyone who 代替)
2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替) 
VIII. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如:
   What you want has been sent here. 你要的东西都送来了。
   Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么,跟我没什么关系。
2) who= the person that  whoever= anyone who。例如:
   (错)Who breaks the law will be punished.
   (错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
   (对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,与庶民同罪。
   (对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。
3) that 和 what 
  当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。例如:
  I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。
  What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。
 

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