高考阅读理解题解密
来源：高中英语教学交流
发布时间：2011-01-23 16:12:00
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内容提要：高考阅读理解题解密
例
This speeding up of life, says the Futurists, receives a new form of expression.
Futurists claim that we must.
［A］ increase the production of expression
［B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress
［C］ develop new modes of expression.
［D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs
.［正确答案］
命题专家常常采用“语言简化”、“反话正说”、“正话反说”、“关键词替换”这四种方式设置考题，对考生进行干扰。考生在了解这些方式后，就可以反其道而行之，利用这四种命题方式来检查所选选项是否与原文重叠。
以上介绍了读理解应试的基本步骤，下面将就具体题型提出相应的应试原则。
二、理解主旨主题和要义原则
主旨题型又叫主题原则，主要针对文章主题设问，考查考生对通篇文章的理解和把握，但是要特别注意和下面这种题型区分开来。
建议考生在做主题题型时遵循这样的原则：因为此类题干扰性最大，难度也最大，考生须读完全文才能准确把握文章主题。所以考生拿到这种题时，不要急于去找答案，不论其出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做，因为在做另外四道题时，无疑有助于加深对整个文章的理解。而且，事实上，首先做主旨题，考生往往还会回过头来核查答案，这样耗时间，做题效率低。
主题题型分为以下两种。
1.明确的主题题型
此类题型位置较为固定，一般是第一个问题或最后一个问题，要求考生为文章选择合适的标题或是总结文章的中心思想。此类题型相对难度较小。例:
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be connected to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.”
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Use some remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark.
Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
The best title for the text may be .
［A］ Using Humor Effectively.
［B］ Look for Various Kinds of Humor
［C］ Add Humor to Speech Will Do You Good
［D］ Different Humor Makes a Difference
.［正确答案］ A
2. 隐蔽的主题题型
这类题型在设问时较为隐蔽，不像明确的主题题型会直接问“文章的主题是什么”，而且位置也很随意，不会固定在第一道或最后一道。下列例题即为隐蔽的主题题型经常出现的形式，考生应熟悉此类题型的语言形式，以利于审题时准确判断题型。
三、理解作者的意图、观点或态度原则
命题专家命题时，为了验证考生到底有没有读懂文章，会就整个文章或某个语言区域相对较为主观的态度设问。作者态度题有两种题型：
1. 就全篇文章理解 作者态度题
这种题目对考生而言难度较大，迷惑性也较强，因为命题专家是针对整篇文章设问，考生很难找到具体对应的语言点，所以要把握整篇文章。例如作者在谈一件事时是用反讽的口气，还是赞成的语气，此类题所给的答案选项一般是四个形容词，考生应在审题时就把握好这四个形容词所表达的意思，然后返回文章去寻找感觉。特别提醒考生要牢记所遇到的构成作者态度题选项的每一个形容词。
做文章作者态度题时，千万不要把考生自己的态度揉进文章中，同时要注意区分作者本人的态度与作者引用的观点态度。文章作者态度是作者说话的口气(tone)，不是考某一个语言点，而是文章中数个语言点串起来的一根线给读者的整体感觉。
2. 就文章局部理解作者态度题
此类题目考查考生对局部细节所体现出的作者态度的理解，因此做此类题时，考生不能再像前一种态度题一样去找“感觉”，而应当回到文章局部上，落到实处。
四、读懂首段、首句原则
首段原则，应用于根据首段内容所设置的题目，它包括两种形式：首段、首句原则和末段、末句原则。
1.首句原则
回顾近几年的阅读题，细心的考生会发现历年试卷中都有题目针对首段第一句话设问，为什么会出现这种情况？原因很简单，这类阅读题文章都是议论文和说明文，此类文章的文体要求在首段提出观点、突出中心，因此第一段就好像全篇文章的一个总纲，确定了文章的主要内容，而第一句话常常是一个自然段的主题句，首段首句自然就成为常考且必考的一个考点。
2.末句原则
有时一个自然段的主题句也会出现在段末，因此考点也相应转向末句。
五、段落阅读原则
段落推断原则考查考生对段落内容的理解，分为两类题型：段落首句推断和段落中句子推断。针对这两种具体题型的原则为：先看首句，如与选项符合即可选择，不必再浪费时间看完整个段落，如首句不能与选项吻合时再将整个段落读完以寻找符合的选项。
1. 段落首句推断
2. 段落中句子推断
六、重视转折/对比原则
议论文和说明文都强调逻辑的严谨性，而转折和对比常常可以用来测试考生在这一方面的阅读理解能力，所以考生对文中的转折和对比关系应高度重视，只要看到标明转折或对比的关系词如but, however等，就应当立即在原文上进行圈点。一般说来转折后的内容多与上文所表达的意思相反，而对比往往是强调其中的一方。