英语阅读理解题常见干扰方法例析


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发布时间：2013-05-05 13:45:00
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认真研究历年高考英语阅读理解题，不难发现，阅读理解题干扰项的设置具有一定的迷惑性，从而增加了理解文章的难度。针对这一趋势，要全面提高阅读理解能力，除具备深厚的语言功底，一定的阅读技巧和语篇分析能力外，做题时排除干扰的能力也很重要。以下结合例题对常见的干扰方法加以介绍和分析。
一、以偏概全法
此种干扰方法通常是以部分代替整体，以局部代替全局，以事实或支撑细节代替文章中心。此方法常用于考查文章主旨大意的备选选项中。
例如：NMET 1995A篇
The text is mainly about___________.
A.fatness and health    B.way to lose weight
C.people's figures      D.distribution of fat
解析：此题答案为A。干扰项BCD选项命题者采用了“以偏概全”的干扰方法。脂肪的分布方式、造成的不同肥胖体形（apple-shaped and pear-shaped）及减肥的方法（dieting）在文章中都有提及，但这些是支撑性细节，是为中心“肥胖与健康”服务的。
再如：NMET 2002阅读理解C篇
The subject discussed in this text_______.
A.the process of reaching decision
B.the difference between poker and chess.
C.the secret of making good business plans
D.the value of information in winning
解析：此题答案为A。干扰项B、D均采用“以偏概全”干扰方法。选项B（the difference between poker and chess），以及选项D information的value在短文中都已提到，但都是为全文中心服务的，只属于supporting details，不能把他们当成全文的主题。
二、望文生义法
此干扰方法常用于字句理解题的每选选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替特定语境中的具体含义。
例如：NMET1995D篇
The underlined word　"family"in the second paragraph means__________.
A.home       B.children           C.wife and husband   D.wife and children
解析：此题答案为B。干扰项C，D均采用了“望文生义法”。family通常含义为“家、家人”。但在此语境“his wife and family”中，family确切指his children.
再如：The boat had a mast（桅杆）and a sail（帆）but no motor（马达），so he was at the mercy of the wind.
What is the meaning of“at the mercy of the wind”.
A.　looked　successful　because　the　wind helped him
B.seemed pitiful because the wind was always against him
C.was powerless against the wind
D.was fortunate because the wind showedmercy to him
解析：此题答案为C。干扰项D运用了“望文生义法”。“mercy"常见含义是“同情、怜悯”，但是此语境中“at the mercy of”的意思是“在……的支配下”。
三、鱼目混珠法
此种干扰法常用于理解文章有关细节的备选选项中，即选项中表达的意思正误并存，错误只是局部有误。
例如：More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual to work. In the United States,the change from formal to casual office wear has been slow. In the early 1990s,many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday. This became known as“dress-down Friday”or“casual Friday”.“Whatstarted out as an extra one-day-a week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing.”said business consultant Andony Jones.
According to the passage, which of the following is True?
A. Company workers started to dress down about 20 years ago.
B. Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.
C. “Dress-down Friday”was first given as afavour from employers.
D. Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.
解析：此题答案为C。干扰项B运用了“鱼目混珠法”，根据原文“Dress-down has become aneveryday phenomenon”表达是正确的，但是加上时间状语since the early 1990s句意与原意不符。20世纪90年代初许多公司只允许员工星期五穿便衣。
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