1、 祈使句
英语中的祈使句常常用来表示请求、命令、建议、劝告和号召等意。对祈使句的考查已成为近几年高考英语的一个热点。其肯定形式是由动词原形开头,否定形式是在动词原形之前加 Don't。祈使句的主语通常是 you,但一般并不说出。
祈使句的句末用感叹号或句号,朗读时,用降调。为了使语气婉转、客气,常在句首或句末加上please。现将其常见类型和考点归纳如下:祈使句有四种句型:
1.B型:Be+表语(名词、形容词等)。如:
Be a good boy! 做个乖孩子!
Be quiet,please! 请安静!
2.V型:V(行为动词)+宾语 也叫Do型祈使句。这类祈使句在英语中最为常见。这类句子常以动词原形开头,末尾用感叹号或句号。
(V若为不及物动词,则无宾语)+其它成分。如:
Look after this cat,please. 请照看一下这只猫。
Come to school in your new clothes tomorrow! 明天穿上新衣服到学校。
Hurry up! 赶快!
有时与please连用,增加“请求”的意味。如:
Please take a seat! Sit down, please!
有时为了加强语气,可以在动词前加do。如:
Do be careful! Do listen to your teacher!
Do型祈使句构成反意疑问句时,附加问句常用will you,有时也可用won’t you或can you等。如:
Be quiet, please, will you/won’t you?
Give me a hand, will you?
3.L型:Let+宾语(第一、第三人称宾格)+动词原形+其它成分。如:
1).Let’s祈使句的主语是we,指说话者和听者双方,表示建议。如:
Let’s go to the cinema tonight.
2).Let us/ me 祈使句的主语是you,表示请求。如:
Let me have a look at your new motor.
Let me try again.
3). Let him/her祈使句的主语是you,表示请求。
Let him/her carry the box upstairs.
用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点:
一、"let" 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let.....",如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let......not"
Don't let this type of things happen again.
It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain.
二、"Let"只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态 (the passive voice),如:
Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison.
Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted.
三、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive without"to")之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone等:
Let the puppy out.
Open the windows and let the fresh air in.
The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down.
Let me alone, please.
四、用"Let's"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Let us"时,并不包括对方,如:
Let's try it, shall we?
Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
从上面句子里的"shall we"和"will you",不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有。
4.D型:Don't+动词原形+其它成分。如:
1).一般来说,祈使句的否定形式是在动词前边加don’t。 如:
Don’t do that again.
Please don’t be late again.
2).有时在动词前边加never,起加强语气的作用。如:
Never play with fire.
Never waste anything, and above all, never waste time.
3).Don’t型祈使句构成反意疑问句时,附加问句常用will you。如:
Don’t be noisy, will you?
Never forget to bring your ID Card when traveling, will you?
Don't go there now.
Please don’t play with fire./Don’t play with fire, please. 请别玩火。
Don’t let the children play football on the road. 不要让孩子们在马路上踢球。
Let’s not wait outside the gate. 咱们别在门外等。
1. 另外祈使句还有一些形式:
A. 含主语型祈使句
1).有时为了强调、对比或表示说话人的意愿、情绪或者安排工作,祈使句需要带上主语。如:You go away.
Everyone shut the mouth.
You girls clean the windows, and you boys wash the floor.
2).含主语型祈使句构成反意疑问句时,用法与Do型祈使句一致。如:
Everyone sit down, will you?
B. 无动词型祈使句
有时可以省略祈使句的动词,成为无动词祈使句。如:
To the bus stop.
Just a minute, please.
No smoking.
C. 条件祈使句
祈使句还可以用来表示条件,用于“祈使句+and/or+并列分句”句型,相当于“if 条件句+主句”。如:
Use your head and you will have a good idea.
= If you use your head, you will have a good idea.
Hurry up or we’ll be late.
= If we don’t hurry up, we will be late.
D. 祈使句式的肯定式前加do可起强调作用。意为“务必;一定”等。例如:
Do come, please请一定来!
Do tell her the thing. 务必告诉她此事。
注:祈使语气委婉的句型
1)“Will/Would/Can/Could you please+v.(动词原形)?”
Will/Would/Can/Could you please give us instructions for using the lab?
请给我们讲讲使用实验室的规则吧,好吗?
2)“Would you mind+v-ing(动名词)?”
Would you mind allowing us to use the basin by the side of the cupboard?
请允许我们使用器皿柜旁边的洗脸盆,好吗?
3)“Why not+v.(动词原形)?”
Why not do as your teacher tells you to?
为什么不按你们老师吩咐的去做呢?
4)“祈使句+附加疑问句?”
①“Let us do…, will you/won't you?”
Let us do the experiment ourselves, will/won't you?
允许我们自己作实验,好吗?
②“Let's do…, shall we/shan't we?”
Let's make sure the lights are turned off and the door is locked, shall/shan't we? 让我们核实一下关灯和锁门的事吧,好吗?
③“Let me do…, will you/won't you/may I?”
Let me tidy the lab instead of you, may I?
让我替你收拾实验室,好吗?
④“Do…, will/won't/would you/can/can't/could you?”
Show me how to use this water pump, won't you?
教我怎样使用这台抽水泵,好吗?
⑤“Don't do…, will you?”
Don't touch papers on my desk, will you?
别碰我书桌上的文件,好吗?
同学们要学好用好祈使句,请记住以下几句歌诀:
动词原形无主语, 婉言用“请”please; 牢记BVLD四句型, 定能掌握祈使句。
Practice 5 kp6
Put the following into English:
Model:现在停止吹气,你就会发现玻璃又明净了。
Now stop blowing,and soon you will find the glass clear again,
1)动动脑筋,你就会想出更好的办法来,
2)再问问她,她就会告诉你的。
3)下午把书带来,我替你还。