B.确定用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语的方法有:现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的某种特征;过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态。情感动词的v-ing 形式表示具有某种特征;情感动词的v-ed形式多表示引起某种情感。一般地说,事物具有某种特征,而人才具有某种情感,因此,分词作表语的句式可归纳为:a) Sb.﹢be ﹢v-ed ; b) Sth. ﹢be﹢v-ing.
如:a. I am very excited ; b. The news is very exciting.
但有一个词例外,那就是missing 。例如“那个男孩不见了”,我们不能说“The boy is missed .”,而是 “The boy is missing.”
二、不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较
A.作前置定语
现在分词、过去分词、动名词 可以作前置定语,而不定式不能作前置定语。如:
① a developing country , a developed country ; boiling water,boiled water ; ②building materials , a swimming pool ; the sleeping boy , the coming new year 。
辨异的方法很简单:①现在分词具有主动、进行的特点,而过去分词则具有被动、完成的特点。例如,a developing country=a country which is developing (发展中国家 ); boiling water=water which is boiling(正在滚开的水 ) ; a developed country=a country which has developed(发达国家 ); boiled water=water which has been boiled(已滚开过的水)。②现在分词和动名词同形,但作前置定语时,动名词表示所修饰的名词的用途,例如, .building materials=materials for building; a swimming pool=a pool for swimming ;而现在分词作前置定语时,表示所修饰的名词正在进行的动作,两者是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如,the sleeping boy=the boy who is sleeping ; the coming new year=the new year that is coming 。
B.作后置定语
不定式、现在分词、过去分词都能作作后置定语,而动名词不作后置定语。先看例句:
① The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
② The problem discussed discussed at the meeting is very important.
③ The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.
辨析比较:上面例句分别用不定式、现在分词、过去分词作后置定语,是因为它们存在不同的情况:不定式作定语,表示动作正要进行(未发生);现在分词作定语,表示动作正在进行(正在发生);过去分词作定语,表示动作已完成(已发生)。据此,我们可以把上面的例句还原为定语从句作定语的句子,这样学生就更容易理解:
①The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem ( which is ) to be discussed at the meeting is very important.
②The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which was ) discussed at the meeting is very important.
③The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which is ) being discussed at the meeting is very important.