在过去的两三年中,我认真研读了美国的Laurie G. Kriszner, Stephen R. Mandell, John Langan, Carol C. Kanar, Michael A. Putlack, Will LInk, Stephen Poirier, 丁往道等国内外大家关于作文教学的著作。下面就是其中的一篇学习心得,关于如何修补作文句子碎片和连写句,与各位同仁交流,也给给位英语学习者参考。
除了祈使句(无主语)、省略句、报纸标题等这些特例之外,句子都必须有主语和谓语动词,必须表达一个完整的思想。否则就是单词的堆砌,在语法上是讲不通的,而且语意也不完整,这样的句子即为句子碎片(SentenceFragments)。例如,But she lookedlike she had a boyfriend. Did she? That secure look. So at ease. Not just aboyfriend, but a good man, too. A large man maybe. A boyfriend who lifts heavythings for a living. Or could, if he wanted to.
一、因增加细节引起的句子碎片
在英语写作中,我们常使用that is, namely,for instance, for example, also, except, such as, including, especially,对前面的句子做一些补充说明。但是,这些补充说明通常不是一个独立的句子。如果使用不当,就容易造成句子碎片。
1. Somepopular novelists are highly respected in later generations. For example,Charles Dickens and Mark Twain.
2. Fairytales are full of girls in distress. Such as Cinderella and Rapunzel.
修改这类句子碎片的方法有三个:改变标点符号和大小写,让句子碎片与前边具有完整意义的句子连接起来;为句子碎片增加主语和谓语动词;必要时改变字词。我们可以把上面两个病句修改为:
1. Somepopular novelists are highly respected in later generations, for example, Charles Dickens and Mark Twain.
2. Fairytales are full of girls in distress,such as Cinderella and Rapunzel.
巩固练习
句子 碎片 |
I am the only woman I know who plays all kinds of card games for money. For example, poker, bridge and blackjack. |
修改1 |
I am the only woman I know who plays all kinds of card games for money, __________________ ⑴ poker, bridge and blackjack. |
修改2 |
I am the only woman I know who plays all kinds of card games for money. __________________⑵ play poker, bridge and blackjack. |
⑴, for example,(注意标点符号);⑵. Forexample, I(注意标点符号)
二、因缺少主语而引起的句子碎片
一般来说,一个句子最起码要具有主语和谓语。但是,我在批改学生作文常发现,一些学生在写了多个句式结构相同的句子之后,容易出现遗漏主语的现象。
1. One example of my father's generosity is that he visits sick friends in thehospital. And takes along get-well cards with a few dollars folded in them.
2. Sarahlooked with admiration at the attractive model. And wondered how the modellooked upon waking up in the morning.
改正这类句子碎片的方法有两个:把句子碎片与前句相连;增加主语(该主语常以代词出现,指代前句中的名词主语)。我们可以把上面两个病句修改为:
1. Oneexample of my father's generosity is that he visits sick friends in thehospital and takes alongget-well cards with a few dollars folded in them.
2. Sarahlooked with admiration at the attractive model. She wondered how the model looked upon waking up in themorning.
另外,学生在使用also, finally, inaddition, now等连接词时,也容易出现遗漏主语或者谓语的现象。
句子碎片 |
修改 |
Also a step in the right direction. |
It was also a step in the right direction. |
Finally, a new home for the family. |
Finally, he found a new home for the family. |
In addition, three new keyboards for the computer lab. |
In addition, we need three new keyboards for the computer lab. |
Now, the first step. |
Now, I will explain the first step. |
巩固练习
句子 碎片 |
While sitting in class, she realized she had lost a ring. But happily found it in the women's room after class. The ring wasn't worth much money but had an enormous personal value to her. |
修改 |
While sitting in class, she realized she had lost a ring. But _______⑶ happily found it in the women's room after class. The ring wasn't worth much money but had an enormous personal value to her. |